Friday, May 22, 2020
The Goal For Punishment Is Justified - 956 Words
Scenario #2 The goal for punishment that I have for this offender is retribution. She believes that drugs are victimless crimes and I want to show her otherwise with retribution because I want to inflict punishment on a person who has infringed on the rights of others and she does deserve to be penalized. Also this will serve as reminder to the general public of the rules and values of law, which may help my reelection as well. Also another goal for punishment is deterrence but I will only pursue this goal if she was not under the influence and that she thought before she acted. Since she believes that this is a victimless crime she will most likely commit the same crime again. So I would like to impose specific deterrence and impose a punishment on her so that she would be discourage to commit this crime in the future. Also pursuing this goal of specific deterrence I am also pursuing general deterrence. By showing the public that I do not take light of drug offenses and that if individuals com mit this crime I will want them to believe that they will be caught, prosecuted, and that there will be punishment. Also by pursuing the goal of deterrence allows myself to be viewed positively in the public eye showing that I am doing my job to the best of my ability and it also shows my opponent that I take my job seriously as well. I will also pursue the goal of rehabilitation. I believe that if she was under the influence of cocaine she may need to receive help from a treatmentShow MoreRelatedJustification And Justification Of The Penal System1171 Words à |à 5 PagesPunishment in general can obviously be justified (in the traditional sense of the term) on utilitarian grounds. Nevertheless, usually its justification is not asked for. Because justification of punishment, in general is unnecessary. It is the justification of particular infliction of pain (or punishment) that can be enquired of. As a man can legitimately ask for justification of a particular law of a state. Howe ver, nobody enquires of the justification of legal system or of law in general. It isRead MoreCapital Punishment : Deontology Vs. Consequentialism1165 Words à |à 5 Pages Capital Punishment: Deontology vs. consequentialism Subject: Analyze the deontological and consequentialist arguments on both sides of the issue of capital punishment in Gregg v Georgia. In this paper I will present the moral arguments of deontology and consequentialism used to determine whether or not using the death penalty was in fact constitutional. I will present both sides of the arguments and present them in the context of this trial and of similar situations where the arguments couldRead MoreC.S. Lewis and The Humanitarian Theory of Punishment1194 Words à |à 5 Pageshumanitarian framework for punishment saying that, ââ¬Å"The Humanitarian theory removes from punishment the concept of Deserts. But the concept of deserts is the only connecting link between punishment and justiceâ⬠(C.S. Lewis). He is correct that the humanitarian framework does remove the concept of deserts, and that there is a connecting link between justice and punishment. However, he is wrong in suggesting that humans should only be seen through a retributive framework for punishment. A humanitarian frameworkRead MoreOrange is the New Black Essay1710 Words à |à 7 Pagesas we fin d out, can be a long and frustrating process. While it seems a bit absurd that Piper is being locked away for a crime committed ten years ago, I do think it is justified. What she did was illegal and when you break the laws you go to jail. That being said, I can understand why one would think that this was not justified for two reasons, the first being the fact that she committed her drug trafficking and money laundering crime ten years ago. This may be true, but that doesnââ¬â¢t mean it wasRead MoreArguments Against The Death Penalty Essay1482 Words à |à 6 Pagesdeath penalty. Bedau argues against capital punishment through his argument ââ¬Å"The Minimal Invasion Argument Against the Death Penaltyââ¬â¢. His argument strongly encourages life imprisonment over the death penalty for various reasons. Below I will provide a strength, a weakness and how I could alter the weakness to make it compatible. In his argument Mr. Bedau is announcing that the death penalty fails to satisfy a necessary condition of justified punishment. By doing so, he proceeds to supporting hisRead More Capital Punishment Is Necessary1130 Words à |à 5 Pagesthat number. Something must be done to keep citizens safe and to keep the murder rates low. Capital Punishment is a rightly justified penalty because it is moral retribution, constitutional, and it deters crime. One reason that Capital Punishment is just is the idea that it is moral retribution to the murderer. According to David Gelernter, the death penalty supporterââ¬â¢s view is that the main goal in executing murderers is to make a point that murder is completely intolerable in todayââ¬â¢s societyRead MoreNegative Effects Of Corporal Punishment1273 Words à |à 6 PagesCorporal punishment is a type of negative reinforcement, something that has close to no positive effect on children; it also discourages integrity and does not prepare them for adulthood. Knowing this information, there is no justification for using violent punishment on children. However, there will still be some people who believe they need to hit their kids; itââ¬â¢s difficult to defy what we have been raised to believe. It does become substantially easier, though, once one is educated about the harmRead MoreIs Torture justified?1704 Words à |à 7 Pagesï » ¿ ENGL 1301 Composition I November 9, 2013 Is Torture justified? What is torture? Basically, this is the action of physically or psychologically hurting a person without their permission and against their will. The torture has many goals such as obtaining a confession or information of the victim, revenge for an act committed by the victim or just for entertainment morbid and sadistic of the torturer. According to the 1984à United Nations Convention against Torture, the torture is: ââ¬Å"anyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Not Morally Permissible?1231 Words à |à 5 Pagesà For thousands of years, punishment for crime has been met with several different styles of execution. In 1976, the United States government reinstalled the death penalty four short years after having banned it claiming that it violated the Constitution s ban on cruel and unusual punishment (MacKinnon, Ethics 289). Since 1976, the morality of execution as just punishment has been a highly discussed topic. The death penalty is not morally permissible because dissolving one s basic human rightRead MoreDealth Penalty Is Not a Solution Essay1003 Words à |à 5 Pagesto crime. The ultimate purpose of the justice system is to control crime by punishing criminals and protect people by imprisoning them. Compared to the death penalty, life imprisonment not only achieves the same goals but also in many ways it can be more effective than capital punishment. In the Vincent Brothersââ¬â¢ case of 2004 , Brothers murdered five of his family members- his wife, children, and mother in law. During his trial, his only surviving daughter Margaret Kerns-Brothers gave a heart-wrenching
Thursday, May 7, 2020
Kate Chopin s The Hour - 1361 Words
One of the greatest concerns of critics who have analyzed ââ¬Å"The Story of the Hourâ⬠has been whether or not Mrs. Mallard was oppressed in her marriage or if she was depressed due to the lack of time she and her husband spent together. Time plays a crucial role in the story, from the time they have spent together, to the period of the story, and to the short time in which the story takes place. ââ¬Å"The Story of the Hour,â⬠is a story written by feminist author, Kate Chopin in 1894 that deals with marital instability from a womanââ¬â¢s perspective. Chopin, whose husband died when she was in her early thirties, wrote stories about healthy women during a time of female sexual liberation. She wrote stories about women who wished for freedom or who were trapped in an unbalanced marriage and longed for more. The protagonist of the story, Louise Mallard, she is emotionally detached from her deceased husband who was killed in a train accident, Brently Mallard. In my analysis, I talked about how Chopin uses different writing techniques, such as foreshadowing and situational irony, to adequately describe the feelings Mrs. Mallard won t say. Now, I can take the critical views of other writers and compare their ideas to mine. In doing so, I can discover more techniques Chopin possessed from a new perspective. Critics like Lawrence I. Berkove have analyzed the story and presented their views. Berkove notes that we all can agree that the story ââ¬Å"tells a tale of female liberation from anShow MoreRelatedKate Chopin s An Hour1812 Words à |à 8 PagesAuthor Kate Chopin is famous for some of the most influential feminist stories and novels in the Western canon. ââ¬Å"The Story of an Hourâ⬠is one such text. In this story, Chopin tackles many of the concerns that are essential to feminism, including the willpower and expression of a womanââ¬â¢s distinctive identity separate from the identity of her husband and the right of a woman to identify and experience her own interests. While there is an aspect of this story that is provocative, namely, that Mrs. MallardRead MoreKate Chopin s An Hour857 Words à |à 4 Pagesunderstanding of how various emotions can effect an individual; this is a consequence of being human. The broad variety of different emotions that Kate Chopin fit into à ¢â¬Å"The Story of an Hourâ⬠presents the story with a perspective that is very intelligible. While some readers may not understand what it is like to live a sheltered life due to marital convention, Chopin laid out the emotional path that the protagonist takes and simplified it into individual, coherent feelings that a woman in the late nineteenth-centuryRead MoreKate Chopin s An Hour899 Words à |à 4 PagesThe author has to choose the gender of their main character, and by Kate Chopin choosing a woman it set a completely different mood to the story rather than it being a man. The time this story was written were women were suppose to be submissive and loyal to their husbands, caring and nurturing for their children, and well-bred, catering hostesses. If a woman were to overstep such boundaries, she would be considered unladylike, scandalous, or even immoral. Society looks differently upon a personRead MoreKate Chopin s An Hour1273 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe probation to ban the consumptions of alcohol, because alcohol attributed to their husbandsââ¬â¢ abusive behaviors. Three stories serve as great examples for how women were treated/viewed in overtime. One of those stories is the story of ââ¬Å"An Hourâ⬠, by Kate Chopin, which shows us how shows us how women were in oppressive marriages and desired freedom. Another story called ââ¬Å"Proofâ⬠, which was written by David Auburn, demonstrates the negative treatment of women in a male dominated work force. Finally,Read MoreKate Chopin s The Story Of An Hour1579 Words à |à 7 PagesKate Chopinââ¬â¢s The Story of an Hour written in 1984 is a story of a woman who, through the erroneously reported death of her husband, experienced true freedom. Both tragic and ironic, the story deals with the boundaries imposed on women by society in the nineteenth century. The author Kate Chopin, like the character in her story, had first-hand experience with the male-dominated society of that time and ha d experienced the death of her husband at a young age. The similarity between Kate Chopin andRead MoreKate Chopin s The Story Of An Hour1336 Words à |à 6 Pagesstatus in society as married women. In the story of an hour, the author, Kate Chopin describes the emotions of a woman who is married and tied down to this oath for the rest of her life. The author uses the ways of the society during that time to construct a story that accurately reflects the feelings of majority of women of that time. The goal of the story is to examine how women were indirectly oppressed during those times. The story of an hour is an interesting short story that begin with tellingRead MoreKate Chopin s Story Of The Hour Essay982 Words à |à 4 PagesKate Chopin was an American author who wrote two novels that got published and at least a hundred short stories. In Kateââ¬â¢s short story The Story of the Hour she uses some of her traumatic event that happened in her lifespan in the short story even though it the story is fictional. A lot of her fictions were set in Louisiana and her best-known works focused on the lives of sensitive intelligent women. One-third of Mrs. Chopinââ¬â¢s stories are childrenââ¬â¢s stories. A lot of Mrs. Chopinââ¬â¢s novels were forgottenRead MoreKate Chopin s The Hour928 Words à |à 4 Pagesââ¬Å"The Story of The Hourâ⬠fully answers its title. It is a story about a woman living her last hour. Not so many things happen during that hour, but in contrast, many thoughts fly through main characterââ¬â¢s head and a reader can form an accurat e portrait of a womanââ¬â¢s life from these thoughts. Somebody tells her that her husband is dead. After that she dives into the whirl of thoughts regarding the impact of husbandââ¬â¢s death on her future. Some facts or beliefs make this woman think that her husbandââ¬â¢sRead MoreKate Chopin s Story Of An Hour993 Words à |à 4 Pageswriterââ¬â¢s base their stories of real life experiences and feelings. Kate Chopin largely based her stories off of her own life. Kate Chopin spent her childhood years in an alternative and matriarchal Louisiana town with a family that was unconventional. She challenged her nineteenth century sexist society and used her own life to put strength and feminism into her stories like ââ¬Å"The Stormâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Desireeââ¬â¢s Babyâ⬠and of course ââ¬Å"The Story of an Hourâ⬠. She lived with her mother, grandmother and great grandmotherRead MoreKate Chopin s The Story Of An Hour1921 Words à |à 8 Pagesapproaches. For Kate Cho pin, the famous author of ââ¬Å"The Awakeningâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The Story of an Hourâ⬠, her most successful approach was to provide audiences with short stories that proposed meaningful and strong messages. However, Kate Chopinââ¬â¢s powerful feminist images that were present throughout her writing has mostly flaunted Chopin as only a ââ¬Å"pioneering feminist writer,â⬠which has led to other messages Chopin incorporated in her writing into being overlooked. In Kate Chopinââ¬â¢s, ââ¬Å"The Story of an Hourâ⬠, the short
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Written Critique of Drug Therapy in Nursing Practice Free Essays
According to Wayne K. Anderson, Dean, State University of New York, School of Pharmacy, ââ¬Å"statistically, if you take six different drugs, you have an 80% chance of at least one drug-drug interaction. â⬠The drug regimen of Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on Written Critique of Drug Therapy in Nursing Practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Brown includes six drugs that may interact with each other if not administered and monitored carefully. This is the reason why healthcare providers should be aware of the possible adverse affects that may happen related to her drug regimen. Necessary precautions should be observed to get the full benefits of the needed drugs and minimize possible drug-drug interactions. Nursing Management Mrs. Brown has a history of seizure, therefore, necessary measures should be provided to ensure the patientââ¬â¢s safety. It is also known that seizure is one of the many side effects of the drug metronidazole (Drugs. com, 2010). To prevent injury to patient, the nurse should provide comfort and safety measures if the CNS effect occurs such as siderails, and assistance with ambulation if dizziness and weakness are presentâ⬠(Karch, 2006, p. 170). Since Mrs. Brown has numerous risk factors and health conditions, the nurse should ââ¬Å"monitor for drug-drug interactions to arrange to adjust dosages appropriatelyâ⬠(Karch, 2006, p. 47). The drug regimen of Mrs. Brown may present several adverse effects that should be observed, the nurse ââ¬Å"monitor adverse effects and provide appropriate supportive care as needed to help patient cope with these effectsâ⬠(Karch, 2006, p. 347). To achieve therapeutic effects, it is also important that the nurse is aware how to ââ¬Å"administer the drug as prescribed in appropriate relationship to mealsâ⬠(Karch, 2006, p. 572). The nurse should provide supportive management to the drug regimen so she should ââ¬Å"monitor the patientââ¬â¢s clinical status closely especially during the initial stages of treatmentâ⬠(Karch, 2006, p. 34). This includes daily monitoring of serum lithium and phenytoin levels, blood glucose, prothrombin time (PT) and hepatic functioning. It i s essential to promote compliance to the patient. The nurse should ââ¬Å"provide thorough patient teaching, including drug name and prescribed dosage, as well as measures for avoidance of adverse effects, warning signs that may indicate possible problems and the need for monitoring and evaluation to enhance patient knowledge about drug therapyâ⬠(Karch, 2006, p. 347). Some of the teaching points that should be included are any sign of blood loss ( petechiae,bleeding gums, bruises, dark colored stools, dark colored urine) to evaluate the effectiveness of warfarin and symptoms of phenytoin toxicity, including drowsiness, visual disturbances, change in mental status, nausea, or ataxia. Indications and Actions The indications and actions of Mrs. Brownââ¬â¢s regimen is presented to help verify the purpose of the drugs and their effects on the overall condition of the patient. Metronidazole (Flagyl, MetroGel, Noritate) Metronidazole is used for the treatment of intestinal amebiasis, trichomoniasis, inflammatory bowel disease, H. pylori infection causing peptic ulcers, bacterial vaginosis, and anaerobic infections and perioperative prophylaxis in colorectal surgeryâ⬠(Kee Hayes, 2006, p. 470). In this case, it is also used to treat abscesses in the pelvis caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria. It is classified as ââ¬Å"an antiprotozoal agent that acts to inhibit DNA synthesis in susceptible protozoa, leading it to unable to reproduce and subsequent cell deathâ⬠(Karch, 2006,p. 169). Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Acetaminophen is indicated for the treatment of pain and fever associated with a variety of conditions, including influenza; for the prophylaxis of children receiving diptheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) immunizations; and for the relief of musculoskeletal pain associated with arthritisâ⬠(Karch, 2006, p. 241). Paracetamol was prescribed for the presence of pain in the clientââ¬â¢s perineal area. Metformin (Glucophage) ââ¬Å"Metformin is a biguanide compound used for the management of type 2 diabetesâ⬠(Kee Hayes, 2006, p. 787). In this case, the patient was known to have diabetes. This medication could be considered as a new mechanism for the management of her type 2 diabetes. This oral diabetic agent ââ¬Å"acts by decreasing hepatic production of glucose from stored glycogenâ⬠(Kee Hayes, 2006, p. 787). It is said to diminish the increase in serum glucose after meals and lessen the degree of postprandial hyperglycemia. Phenytoin (Dilatin) ââ¬Å"Phenytoin is the protoype hydantoin used in the treatment of tonic-clonic seizures and status epilepticus, as well as in the prevention and treatment of seizures after neurosurgeryâ⬠(Karch, 2006, p. 342). Since the patient has a history of seizure disorder, this medication was prescribed for maintenance. It acts as ââ¬Å"an anticonvulsant drug that works by suppressing sodium influx through the drug binding to the sodium channel when it is inactivated, thus prolonging the channel inactivation and thereby preventing neuron firingâ⬠(Kee Hayes, 2006, p. 341). Warfarin ( Coumadin) ââ¬Å"Warfarin (Coumadin) is an anticoagulant drug in oral form that is used to maintain a state of anticoagulation in situations in which the patient is susceptible to potentially dangerous clot formationâ⬠(Karch, 2006, p. 38). The patient was given this medication since she has a history of atrial fibrillation that makes her susceptible to thrombus and embolus formation. The drug Warfarin inhibits the formation of thrombus and embolus formation by decreasing certain clotting factors. ââ¬Å"Warfarin causes a decrease in the production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II [prothrombin], VI I, IX and X) in the liverâ⬠(Karch, 2006, p. 740). Lithum Carbonate ââ¬Å"Lithium is used as a mood stabilizers which is used to treat bipolar affective disorderâ⬠(Key Hayes, 2006, p. 399). Mrs. Brown has a bipolar mood disorder so this drug was prescribed to control her periods of mania and depression. It is said to function in several ways, ââ¬Å"it alters sodium transport in nerve and musle cells; inhibits the release of norepinephrine and dopamine, but not serotonin, from stimulated neurons; increases the intraneuronal stores of norepinephrine and dopamine slightly; and decreases intraneuronalcontent of second messengersâ⬠(Karch, 2006, p. 330). Common Drug Interactions Drug to Drug Interactions Metronidazole (Flagyl, MetroGel, Noritate) This drug is known to produce interactions with phenytoin, oral coagulants and lithium. ââ¬Å"Coadministration with a nitromidazole may increase the serum concentration of phenytoinâ⬠(Drugs. com, 2010). It is known to induce microsomal liver enzyme activity such as phenytoin that may accelerate the elimination of metronidazole resulting in reduced plasma; impaired clearance of phenytoin has been reportedâ⬠(DailyMed, 2009). In this case, pharmacologic responses and serum phenytoin should be checked frequently whenever metronidazole is being administered to the patient. The drug dosage should be adjusted as necessary. Another thing to do is to educate the patient the signs and symptoms of phenytoin toxicity for immediate physician notification. ââ¬Å"Metronidazole has been reported to potentiate the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and other oral coumarin anticoagulants, resulting in a prolongation of prothrombin timeâ⬠(DailyMed, 2009). Mrs. Brown should be advised to report any signs of bleeding to her physician. INR should be checked frequently for adjustments in warfarin dosage, specifically after starting or discontinuing metronidazole. And lastly, lithium is said to produce interactions when administered with metronidazole. ââ¬Å"Concurrent use of metronidazole with lithium may provoke lithium toxicity due to reduced renal clearanceâ⬠(Rxlist, 2010). Since Mrs. Brown has a bipolar mood disorder, lithium is a long drug regimen. The serum lithium and creatinine levels should be monitored after the initiation of metronidazole. Phenytoin (Dilantin) Besides the impaired clearance of phenytoin with the use of metronidazole, there are other drug interactions that can happen in reference to Mrs. Brownââ¬â¢s drug regimen. It is said that Phenytoin can increase the effects of anticoagulants. ââ¬Å"The hydantoins displace the anticoagulants and aspirin, causing more free drug and increasing their activityâ⬠(Kee Hayes, 2006, p. 342). Still, it is important to check on the prothrombin time (PT), phenytoin level and prothrombin time of the patient during the administration of both drugs. ââ¬Å"Signs of an active bleed include coughing up blood in the form of coffee grinds (hemoptysis), gum bleeding, nose bleeds, cola- or tea-colored urine (hematuria), and black, tarry stools (hemoccult positive)â⬠. Brown should be observed and notified to the physician. It is also said that the use of phenytoin can lead to ââ¬Å"increased hepatotoxicity with acetaminophenâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 952). Lithium interacting with Phenytoin ââ¬Å"may either increase or decrease the effectiveness of lithium or increase or decrease the effectiveness of the drugâ⬠(Raber, 2010). Phenytoin level and lithium serum level should be checked frequently to monitor the effectiveness of these drugs. Warfarin (Coumadin). Aside from the drug interactions of warfarin to both Metronidazole and Phenytoin, there is an existing interaction between Metformin and Warfarin. It is said that Metformin ââ¬Å"oral hypoglycemic drugs for diabetes can displace warfarin or dicumarol from the protein-bound site, causing more free-circulating anticoagulantâ⬠(Kee Hayes, 2006, p. 663). Due to this possible interaction, it is important to monitor the blood glucose level and prothrombin time (PT). The patient should be informed of the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and bleeding so that she could report it to the health care team immediately. Warfarin also interacts with paracetamol (acetaminophen); it said that ââ¬Å"some investigators advise that the hypothrombinemic response to warfarin can increase when acetaminophen is taken in a dosage of more than 2 g per day for longer than one weekâ⬠(Ament, Bertolino Liszewski, 2000). Since Mrs. Brown has a prescription of 1000mg to be taken four times a day, her dosage is more than 2g per day. ââ¬Å"If acetaminophen therapy is needed, the dosage should be as low as possible, and the drug should be taken for only a short period. In addition, the INR should be monitored closelyâ⬠(Ament et al. 2000). Metformin (Glucophage) Meformin has moderate drug interaction with the drug Phenytoin. It is said to diminish the efficacy of oral diabetic agents and insulin. ââ¬Å"These drugs may interfere with blood glucose control because they can cause hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, new-onset diabetes mellitus, and/or exacerbation of preexisting diabetesâ⬠(Drugs. com, 2 010). There should be close monitoring of Mrs. Brownââ¬â¢s blood glucose level in order to observe hypoglycemia in the patient. Lithium (Eskalith) Lithium has drug interactions with Metronidazole and Phenytoin. It is also established that lithium may diminish the therapeutic effects of insulin and oral anti-diabetic agents. ââ¬Å"In one study, 10 psychiatric patients treated with lithium carbonate for 2 weeks demonstrated elevated blood glucose levels and impaired glucose tolerance tests. There have also been isolated case reports of hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, or diabetes mellitus in patients on lithium, although a causal relationship has not been establishedâ⬠(Drugs. com, 2010). The blood glucose level should be checked frequently after starting or discontinuing lithium therapy. Drug to Food, Drug to Herbal, Drug to OTC drugs Interactions Metronidazole Metronidazole has a significant interaction with ethanol. ââ¬Å"Use of alcohol or products containing alcohol during nitroimidazole therapy may result in a disulfiram-like reaction in some patientsâ⬠(Drugs. com, 2010). Necessary precautions should be made in relation to use of ethanol and ethanol-containing products. Mrs. Brown should be instructed not to take alcohol beverages and alcohol-containing products. It is said that ââ¬Å"alcohol beverages should not be consumed for at least a day after completion of metronidazole therapyâ⬠(Drugs. om). Metronidazole has an interaction to the herb milk thistle. ââ¬Å"Milk thistle has been reported to protect the liver from harm caused by some prescription drugs. While milk thistle has not yet been studied directly for protecting people against the known potentially liver-damaging actions of metronidazole, it is often used for this purposeâ⬠(Morazz oni Bombardelli, 1995). Phenytoin Phenytoin has moderate interaction with alcohol and food. The effects of alcohol on the therapeutic level of Phenytoin depend on the duration of its consumption. ââ¬Å"Acute consumption of alcohol may increase plasma phenytoin levels. Chronic consumption of alcohol may decrease plasma phenytoin levelsâ⬠(Drugs. com, 2010). Phenytoin (oral drug) could be given with or without food in a consistent manner. Give with food if patient complains of GI upset ( Karch, 2007). The bioavailability of Phenytoin is said ââ¬Å"to decrease to subtherapeutic levels when the suspension is given concomitantly with enteral feedingsâ⬠(Drugs. com, 2010). Antacids containing calcium may decrease the blood level of phenytoin while aspirin (more than 1500 mg/dl) may increase the blood level of phenytoin (Epilepsy. om, 2010). Phenytoin also will lower the blood levels of other types of medication like acetaminophen (Epilepsy. com, 2010). Warfarin Patients taking Warfarin should not take Vitamin K-rich foods like ââ¬Å"liver, broccoli, brussels sprouts, spinach, Swiss chard, coriander, collards, cabbage, and other green leafy vegetablesâ⬠(Drugs. com). There are also particular medicines that should not be taken for they m ay cause serious bleeding problems in the stomach and intestines and alterations in blood clotting. These particular medicines are as follows: ââ¬Å"acetaminophen (Tylenol), aspirin, and NSAIDs including celecoxib (Celebrex), diclofenac (Voltaren), ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), indomethacin, naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn),and othersâ⬠(Drugs. com, 2010). It is also said that the patient should ââ¬Å"avoid eating cranberries, drinking cranberry juice, or taking cranberry herbal productsâ⬠(Drugs. com, 2010). Warfarin can interact with the following herbal products: ââ¬Å"garlics, gingko biloba, ginseng or St. Johnââ¬â¢s wortâ⬠. (Drugs. com, 2010). Metformin Drugs that can raise the blood sugar affecting the use of Metformin include medicines to treat colds and allergies while drugs that lower blood sugar include some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin, and sulfa drugs (Bactrim)â⬠(Drugs. com, 2010). Alcohol should also not be taken concomitantly with this drug. ââ¬Å"Alcohol lowers blood sugar and may increase the risk of lactic acidosis while taking this drugâ⬠(Drugs. com, 2010). There could be increased risk for hypoglycemia if the drug is taken with ââ¬Å"juniper berries, ginseng, garlic, dandelion root and celeryâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 58). Lithium Patients taking lithium carbonate should ââ¬Å"avoid drinking large amounts of coffee, tea, or cola, which can cause dehydration through increased urinationâ⬠(Drugs. com, 2010). Besides having interactions with other drugs in the patientââ¬â¢s regimen, lithium also interacts with over-the-counter drugs. ââ¬Å"If Eskalith is taken with certain other drugs, the effects of either could be increased, decreased, or altered such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsâ⬠(Drugs. com, 2010). ââ¬Å"Patients being treated with lithium should be encouraged not to use the herbal therapy psyllium. If combined with lithium, the absorption of the lithium may be blocked and the patient will not receive therapeutic levelâ⬠(Karch, 2006, p. 333) Possible Adverse Reactions and Nursing Interventions Metronidazole ââ¬Å"Convulsive seizures have been reported in patient treatment with metronidazoleâ⬠(DailyMed, 2009). Necessary seizure precautions should be implemented. Mrs. Brown has a history of seizure; this is why the healthcare team should take necessary adjustments to the dosage of metronidazole. Aside from this major adverse reaction, the patient can develop ââ¬Å"unpleasant metalic taste, nausea, vomiting and diarrheaâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 86). Nursing care for strange metallic taste should be ââ¬Å"frequent mouth care, sucking sugarless candiesâ⬠, and for nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, the patient should be advised to ââ¬Å"eat frequent small mealsâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 786). In the case of Mrs. Brown, complains of discomfort in her buttocks, pain in per ineal area and offensive odor could mean that she developed cadidiasis as ââ¬Å"known or previously unrecognized candidiasis may present more prominent symptoms during therapy with metronidazoleâ⬠(DailyMed, 2009). Treatment with candidicidal agent should be instituted to the patient. Other adverse effect can be ââ¬Å"disulfiram-like interaction with alcoholâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 786). The patient should be always reminded of precautions on ingesting alcohol and alcohol-containing products. Phenytoin ââ¬Å"Nausea,vomiting, diarrhea, constipation and gingival hyperplasiaâ⬠(Karch, 2009, p. 951) could be present in patients taking Phenytoin. The nurse should ââ¬Å"arrange instruction in proper hygiene technique for long-term patients to prevent development of gum hyperplasiaâ⬠, ââ¬Å"take drug with food, eat frequent small mealsâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 953). Among the other common adverse effects are ââ¬Å"dizziness ,drowsiness, confusion and headacheâ⬠. The patient should be advised to ââ¬Å"avoid performing tasks requiring alertness and visual acuityâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 953). Warfarin The common adverse effects of Warfarin are ââ¬Å"nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea and hemorrhageâ⬠(Karch, 2007,p. 1216). Nurse should advise the patient to ââ¬Å"avoid any situations in which she could be easily injured. â⬠Necessary care should be provided to avoid bleeding in the patient like ââ¬Å"not giving any IM injectionsâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 1217). The patient should also be asked to ââ¬Å"report unusual bleeding (from brushing teeth, excessive bruising), black or bloody stools, cloudy or dark urineâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 1218). Metformin The most significant possible adverse effects of this drug are ââ¬Å"hypoglycemia and lactic acidosisâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 758). The nurse should ââ¬Å"monitor blood for glucose and ketonesâ⬠or ââ¬Å"should ask the client any sign of hypo- or hyperglycemic reactionsâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 758). There could also be ââ¬Å"signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throatâ⬠(Drugs. om, 2010). In this case, it is necessary to ââ¬Å"stop the medication and report to the physicianâ⬠(Drugs. com, 2010). Lithium The common side effects of Lithium involves CNS manifestions such as ââ¬Å"lethargy, slurred speech, muscle weakness and fine hand tremor; GI manifestions such as nausea, vomiting , diarrhea, thirst; GU effect is polyuriaâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 704). It is important to instruct the client to ââ¬Å"report any signs of toxicity such as diarrhea, vomiting, tremor, drowsiness, muscle weaknessâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 705). The patient should also be prohibited or ââ¬Å"avoid driving or performing tasks requiring alertnessâ⬠and should be instructed to ââ¬Å"eat frequent small mealsâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 705). Health Education Metronidazole It is impotant to instruct the client to ââ¬Å"not drink alcohol (beverages or preparations containing alcohol, cough syrups)â⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 786). The nurse should also mention to the client that she may experience ââ¬Å"urine with darker color , dry mouth with strange metallic taste, nausea, vomiting and diarrheaâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 786). Intervention to relieve these side effects should be taught like ââ¬Å"frequent mouth care, sucking sugarless candies for dry mouth; eating frequent small meals for nausea, vomiting and diarrheaâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 786). Phenytoin Patients taking Phenytoin should be advised to ââ¬Å"take this drug exactly as prescribed with food to reduce GI upset or without food ââ¬â but maintain the consistencyâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 953). Mrs. Brown should be advised to ââ¬Å"not discontinue this drug abruptly or change dosage, except on advice of health care providerâ⬠(Karch, 2007,p. 953). Since Mrs. Brown has diabetes, it should be advised that she should ââ¬Å"monitor blood or urine sugar regularly, and report any abnormality to health care providerâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 953). She should be advised that she should ââ¬Å"maintain good oral hygiene to prevent gum disease and arrange frequent dental checkupsâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 953). Warfarin It should be advised to the patient to ââ¬Å"not start or stop taking any medication without consulting her health care providerâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 1217). She should ââ¬Å"carry or wear a medical ID tag to alert emergency medical personnel about the drugâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 218). She should be instructed to ââ¬Å"avoid situations that may cause injury and have periodic blood tests to check on drug actionâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 1218). Lastly, the patient should be instructed to ââ¬Å"report unusual bleeding, black or bloody stools and cloudy or dark urineâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 1218). Metformin Some of the instructions t hat should be given to the patient are ââ¬Å"not to discontinue the medication without consulting health care provider and avoid using alcohol while taking the drugâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 758). She should also be advised to ââ¬Å"monitor blood for glucose and ketones and report any hypo-or hyperglycemia reactionsâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 758). Lithium Health teaching about this drug should include the following: ââ¬Å"take the drug exactly as prescribed, after meals or with food or milk; eat a normal diet with normal salt intake and maintain adequate fluid intake and arrange for frequent checkups including blood testsâ⬠(Karch, 2007, p. 705). Mrs. Brown has numerous risk factors and health conditions that may produce drug interactions that may worsen her health. It is known that Metronidazole can produce seizures as its side effect. Considering this, safety precautions should be made since she has a history of seizure. This drug can also impair the clearance of the drug Phenytoin in her system and potentiate the anticoagulant effects of Warfarin. These things should be monitored by the healthcare team for them to make necessary adjustments. Phenytoin can also increase the anticoagulant effect of Warfarin and may either increase or decrease the efficacy of lithium. Necessary drug dosage adjustments should be made to minimize these interactions. Daily blood glucose monitoring should be done and symptoms of hypo- or hyperglycemia should be reported. This is necessary because Warfarin can increase the effects of oral diabetic agents such as Metformin. However, Phenytoin and Lithium can diminish the efficacy of this drug. Thus, it is really important to monitor the clientââ¬â¢s clinical status and the possible adverse effects of the drug regimen. It is also important to ââ¬Å"offer support and encouragement to help the patient cope with the drug regimenâ⬠(Karch, 2006, p. 334). How to cite Written Critique of Drug Therapy in Nursing Practice, Papers
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